Dendron-based assemblies for chlorophyll’s materials

Researchers often look to photosynthesis—a process that turns sunlight into chemical energy in plants and bacteria—as a model for innovation. Photosynthesis is in turn linked to chlorophyll pigments, tiny green molecules that play a key role in harvesting light.

Naturally, these chlorophyll molecules are organized into precise structures to optimize light absorption in plants and bacteria, and efficiently capture sunlight for energy. Inspired by this natural structure, scientists have explored ways to synthetically assemble chlorophyll-based structures for applications in optoelectronics and renewable energy.

A study led by Professor Shiki Yagai and Mr. Ryo Kudo from the Graduate School of Engineering at Chiba University in Japan, along with a team of researchers, demonstrated how modifying chlorophyll-like molecules can direct them to form distinct structural arrangements, offering insights that could transform synthetic light-harvesting materials.

The study was published in Organic Chemistry Frontiers on October 8, 2024.

“Photosynthetic bacteria utilize highly organized chlorophyll arrays, allowing them to capture light even in low-light conditions. We aimed to recreate these structures based on the identical synthetic molecular design, as comparing their photophysical properties might help us understand why such structures were selected in the course of evolution in nature,” explains Prof. Yagai.

To create these structures, the team modified the chlorophyll molecule by attaching a barbituric acid unit via hydrogen bonding and further added tree-like molecular structures called “dendrons” to form stable rosette-like rings and control their hierarchical stacking.

When the modified chlorophyll was dissolved in different solvents, the chlorophyll rosettes displayed a remarkable behavior. In a non-polar solvent like methylcyclohexane, chlorophyll derivatives with smaller second-generation dendrons were stacked into helical fibers, while those with bulkier, third-generation dendrons remained in smaller, disk-shaped aggregates.

They could thereby assemble the chlorophyll molecules into two different forms, namely columnar stacks and discrete aggregates, mimicking the circular and tubular arrangements seen in photosynthetic bacteria. In contrast, when dissolved in chloroform, both the chlorophyll derivatives formed rosette patterns.

Using advanced imaging techniques like atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering, the team characterized the unique shapes and arrangement patterns of these synthetic chlorophyll assemblies.

They found that the helical fibers formed by the second-generation dendron chlorophylls exhibited a highly ordered structure, while the third-generation dendron chlorophylls displayed a more homogeneous, spherical shape.

“Our findings show that subtle adjustments in molecular design can lead to significant differences in the final assembled structure of the chlorophyll, which could be exploited to create materials with specific light-harvesting properties,” said Prof. Yagai.

“These insights into controlling molecular self-assembly could ignite breakthroughs in functional materials science. We are thrilled by the potential to create materials that not only mimic but surpass the capabilities of natural photosynthetic systems.”

The study thus unveils a multitude of possibilities for synthesizing light-harvesting materials by meticulously fine-tuning the assembly of chlorophyll-like structures. In particular, Prof. Yagai’s team aspires to craft materials that can mimic and even exceed natural materials in both efficiency and adaptability.

With promising applications in solar energy harvesting, advanced sensors, and other technologies that rely on precise light absorption and energy transfer, these innovations could potentially revolutionize the field and redefine the possibilities in sustainable energy and beyond.